Manning Explorer's Guide to the Semantic Web

Explorer's Guide to the Semantic Web Thomas B. Passin 2004 \| 304 pages ISBN: 1932394206
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Index

A

addressable resources

integrating 85
addressing

standardized 11
agents 205

action planning 211

authorization and trust 211

autonomous 59, 206, 244, 249

belief-desire-intention (BDI) 209

common infrastructure 211

definition 206

environment 206, 243

evolution of 213

for high-level design 207

improving annotations 93

industrial controllers 207

intelligent 8, 205, 241

interactions 210, 241

layered 209

and logic 211

logic-based 208, 247

loosely coupled 206

messaging 211

and Ontology 211

and Semantic Web 212

reactive 209

scheduling and planning 207

society of 212

standards 213

and trust 221

types 207

and Web of Trust 233
AI. See Artificial Intelligence
AltaVista 111
Amaya 38, 95–96

links to non-existent targets 99

See also annotations
Amazon.com 120
annotations 4, 6, 103, 263

Amaya 95

Annotea 38, 96

collaboration 93, 104

complex 94

current systems 94

defined 91

discovery 93, 103

displaying 104

filtering 93

hyperlinks used as 104

improving quality of 93, 103

inverse 94

local storage 100

locating 103

losing when editing 99, 102–103

machine-readable 93, 103

and meta data, compared 94

Multivalent browser 99–101, 103

programmatic access 104

proprietary 95

retrieval 103

scenario 104

and Semantic Web 92

storage 103

user interfaces 104
Annotea 38, 96, 101

losing annotations when editing 99

and RDF 38, 97
Artificial Intelligence 113, 247

strong AI 247–248
Ask Jeeves 116
associations filtering 104

See also Topic Maps
ATLAS.ti 103
automation 3

B

behavior

self-directed 250
belief 220, 248

degrees of 249
Berners-Lee, Tim 2, 4, 14
blank node 158

anonymous 25, 33

See also nodes
blogging. See RSS
b-nodes

anonymous 25, 33

See also nodes
bookmarks 262

annotating 268

case study 262

and hierarchies 264

and keywords 264

managers 263

path statements 265

representing 264

C

CA (Certificate Authority) 228

See also Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), Certificate Authority
caching 111
cardinality 42
categories 145

predefined 108

See also searches
Certificate Authority 224

See also Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
classes

instances 145–146

in OWL 147

sets 146

subclasses 145

superclasses 145

See also ontology; Web Ontology Language (OWL)
classifications 142

categories 145

classes 145

distinctions 143

enumeration 145

extension 145

formal 143

hierarchies 143

informal 143

intension 145

multiple 146

trees 143

See also ontology, classifications
close coupling 206

and agents 206
collaboration 96
collocation 62, 70, 81, 85
concepts 63

integrating 85
context. See Topic Maps, scope
contradictions. See logic, contradictions
cwm 56

D

DAML. See DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML)
DAML-S 198

process description 198–199
DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) 39, 168
data 20

indexing 5

integration 3

model 41

retrieving 5–6

reusing 3

sharing 47

in table format 42
data integration techniques 125

RDF 253

topic maps 253
databases 6

interoperable 6

primary key 26–27

relational 25
datastore 27, 161
Description element 49–50
discovery

enhanced 196

and grid computing 197

repository 194

services 7, 194

UDDI 194
disjoint 165
Document Object Model (DOM) 104
documents

authenticity 227
domain 158
Dublin Core 39

and bibliographic meta data 39

E

edges 52
elements

converting content into attributes 51
existence. See ontology
expert systems 129
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 6, 15–16, 47

design for RDF compatibility 252
Extensible User interface Language (XUL) 37

widgets 37
Extreme Markup Languages 72

F

filtering

intelligent 93
FIPA 213

abstract architecture 215, 217

FIPA-OS 215

implementations 215

JADE 216

JAS 217

specifications 214
FOAF 37, 257

case study 257

example 258

and identity 259

linking to 257

RDF file 257

self-describing network 252

as test bed 262

and trust assessments 233
FOL. See logic
foreign key 44
fragment identifiers 23, 98

G

Google 109, 114, 116, 118, 121

search methods 116
graphs 30

depicting multiple statements 31

directed 30

edges 30, 52

labeled 30

nodes 30, 52

representing RDF statements 30
grid computing 196

and service discovery 197

H

haiku 20
Haystack 40

and RDF 40
hijacking 123
HTML 16
HTTP

GET 179

POST 179

and WSDL 187

See also Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) 16
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 12

firewalls 178

headers 178

messages 178

sending HTML forms 180

for web services 178

I

iCal 239, 251

RDF format for 239
ID attribute 50
identifiers

unique 148

See also ontologies, identifiers
identity 246

birth certificate 220

confidence in 248

digital certificates 222

in FOAF 259

vouching for 220
indexes 71, 82

book 62

example 62
information 82

combining 135

contradictory 135, 230

exchange of 21

incomplete 58

integrated across the Web 82

navigating integrated 84

organization 262

reliability of 135, 231
instanceOf property 65
instances. See classes, instances
interpretations. See logic, interpretations
ISO/IEC 13250. See Topic Maps, standard

J

JAS. See FIPA, JAS

K

KartOO 110
keys 222, 246

private 222

public 223
keywords 112
knowledge

interconnection 138

pollution 139
knowledge representation

logic 134

L

labels 29
languages 21
literals 23, 31
logic 15, 128, 136

and agents 211

contradictions 131–132, 230

description logic 137, 161, 199

explanations 131, 241

expressive power 136

first-order 59, 136

inference 34, 130

interpretations 132

and knowledge representation 134

modal 137

reasoning 59, 247

rules 129

second-order 136

temporal 137

varieties 135
loose coupling 206

and agents 206

and Web 206

M

many-to-one relationships 44
merging. See Topic Maps, merging
meta data 5, 21, 114

and annotations, compared 94

automatic extraction of 248

increasing reliability 125

self describing 124
META element 123
Mozilla 37, 96

and RDF 37
Multivalent browser 99–101

See also annotations

N

names 65

baseName 65

See also Topic Maps
namespaces

declarations 48

default 48
natural language 112, 114

automatic analysis of 115
natural language processing (NLP) 112, 248
navigation 62, 70, 81, 85
Netscape 116
NeuroGrid 120
nodes 52

alternative 35

anonymous 25, 32–33, 51, 53, 98

bag 35

collection 35

container 34

sequence 35
Notation 3 (N3) 56
N-triples 56

O

occurrences. See Topic Maps, occurrences
ontologies 82, 84, 94, 104, 113, 122, 132–133, 142

and creation of queries 113

design of 151

domains 150

expressing in RDF 158

identifiers 148

merging 152, 242

multiple 241

reconciliation 134

taxonomy 142

versioning 154

vocabulary 133, 142
ontology 15, 21, 29, 142, 145

and agents 211

classifications 142

commitment 154

frameworks 151, 155

language 15, 155

and logic 142

names 148

and rules 130
Open Directory 110, 123
open world

and agents 212
OWL. See Web Ontology Language (OWL)

P

paid ranking 123
predicates 136

See also properties; relationships
primary keys 42–43
Prolog 28
properties 17, 68, 136

modeling 69

and Ontology 149
PSI. See Published Subject Indicators (PSI)
public key cryptography 222

See also keys
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) 223

bridge CA 225

Certificate Authority 224

chains of trust 224
Published Subject Indicators (PSI) 67, 72, 252, 254

Q

queries

distributed 134

logical 134
Questia 95

R

range 158
rdf

about attribute 49

Statement 30, 35
RDF. See Resource Description Framework (RDF)
RDF dataset

communicating 47–48
RDF element 48
RDF Model and Syntax Recommendation 28, 48
RDF namespace 48
RDF Schema 15, 29, 155

classes 156

example 158

properties 157
RDF/XML

example 55

namespace declaration 48

striped format 52–53

subject identification 49

syntax 48, 52, 55

using attributes instead of element content 51
RDFS. See RDF Schema
Recommendation

RDF 24

RDF Model and Syntax 28
reification 36
relational databases 44

property specifications 44

schema 44
relationships 17, 63, 136

child 130

many-to-one 44
reliability

of data 230

social analysis 232

uncertain 231
request

HTTP 178
Resource Description Framework (RDF) 15, 21–22

applications 37–40

contradictory statements 58, 230

data model 22

datastore 27, 161

example 41

expressing rules 130

graphs 30–31, 33, 44, 52, 74

identifying resources 23–24

incomplete information 58

interpretations 132

limitations of 58

meshing data and meta data 41

model 47, 84

non-XML syntax 56

and OWL 164

properties 28

reasons to use 47

Recommendation 24

redundancy 44

reification 231

and social analysis 120

statements 22

strengths 86

syntax 48, 55

theoretical basis 86

and Topic Maps 84

tradeoffs with Topic Maps 85

triples 75

URI references 56, 246

validator 55
resources 22, 70, 85, 182

addressable 13, 66

anonymous 25

finding 24

and HTTP 179

identifying 23–24, 29, 179

identifying by URLs 182

non-addressable 13

as objects of statements 33

representations of 179

type of 32

web 11
REST

model 182

RPC, compared with 184
Robust Locations

Multivalent browser 102

See also annotations
roles. See Topic Maps, roles
RPC

controversy 181, 184

and firewalls 184

model 182

remote procedure calls

See also SOAP
RSS 37, 125, 253

and RDF 38
rules. See logic, rules

S

scalability 12
scenarios 8

annotations 104

negotiating a date 9, 242

research assistant 8, 238
schema 44
scope. See Topic Maps, scope
search engines 109, 111

analyzing document types 111

analyzing queries 111

analyzing web pages 111

caching pages 111

extracting meta data 114

graphic interfaces 110

hierarchy of terms 110

interfaces 109

linked pages 111

paid ranking 123

spoofing 123
searches 107, 117

ad hoc 108

classification of terms 113

clustering results 121–123

context from databases 117

context from the user 117

environment, Internet 110

keywords 112

kinds 108

and meta data 114

multiple passes 120

and ontologies 113

peer to peer 120

predefined categories 108

process 111

semantic analysis 114, 116

semantic focusing 117–118

and the Semantic Web 124

serendipity 111

social analysis 118

strategies 112

subject identity 118

useful results 109

using results 110

XML results 110
searching 262

improved 93

semantic focusing 244
Semantic Web 2–3, 13, 18

and agents 212

annotation discovery 93

annotations 92

definition 3

design 10, 12

foundations 10, 16, 20

intelligent filtering 93

layer cake 14–18

and logic 133

Logic and Proof layer 15, 17

logical reasoning 86

machine-readable annotations 93

making a reality 10

Ontology 155

Ontology layer 15, 17

and open worlds 131

purpose 3–8

RDF layer 15, 17

RDF Schema layer 15, 17

reliability assessments 86

searching 93, 124

trust 221

Trust layer 15, 17–18

visions 3

XML layer 15–16

XML Schema layer 15–16
semantics 3

different for different sources 135

meaning and the Semantic Web 249
serendipity. See searches, serendipity
services 4, 7, 171

chain of 171

components of 173

composition of 198–199

DAML-S. See

DAML-S

data exchange 174

describing 186

discovery 7, 244

finding 194

Google-enhanced service discovery 196

invoking 173

non-web 175

personal 8

process description 198

and RDF 175, 193

and Semantic Web 173, 202, 248

SOAP 175

UDDI. See UDDI

web 171–172, 182, 244, 248

Web pages as 172

and Web principles 173
Slashdot 103
SOAP 175, 181

body 176

description 175

envelope 176

example 183

header 176

HTML 177

and HTTP 178

messages 176

protocols 178

and RDF 177

remote procedure calls (RPC) 181

security 176

transport 178

See also services, SOAP
social analysis 114, 125, 241

grass roots 125

making more information available 125

and RDF 120

and reliability of information 232

See also searches, social analysis
spoofing 123
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) 72
standards

agents 213

FIPA. See FIPA
state 13
statements 22

contradictory 58

graphing properties of 35

negation of 58

object 22

predicate 22, 27–28

properties of 30, 35

reified 37

reliability assessments 86

reliability of 230

resources related by 84

retracting 231

subject 22

subject-verb-object structure 22

value 22
subclasses. See classes, subclasses
subject identifier 67
subject identity 118
subjects 64, 66, 85
superclasses. See classes, superclasses
symbols

manipulating 249

T

tables 25

relationships 43
TAP 117

data integration techniques 125

semantic focusing 117

See also searches
taxonomies 142

See also ontologies
TMDM

data model (TMDM) 72

See also Topic Maps
Topic Maps 17, 61, 64, 72

abstract model 73

advantages of 71

applications of 87

association members 75–76

associations 74–76, 84

baseName 65, 74

capturing meta data 84

conference proceedings example 81

data model (TMDM) 72

database-oriented implementation 77

defining rules 130

example 78

graph-oriented implementation 77

implementation 77

maturity of software 72

merging 66, 71–72

models 62, 70, 72–73

names 74–75

navigation 79

object-oriented implementation 77

occurrences 64, 74–75

for ontologies 254

properties 68

and RDF 84

resourceRef 66

roles 64, 75

roles in the Semantic Web 82

scope 63, 65, 69

standard 61–62, 72

statement reliability assessments 86

strengths 86

subject 64, 66, 70

subjectIdentity 66, 68, 74

subjectIndicator 66–67

subjects of topics 66

syntax 61, 78

theoretical basis 86

topics 64

tradeoffs with RDF 85

weather event example 80
Topic Maps Constraint Language 82
topics

merging 68

subjects of topics 66

See also Topic Maps
trees 143
triples 26, 44, 74

difficulty reading 29

statements 22

writing 27

See also Resource Description Framework (RDF)

trust 17, 220, 248

and agents 211, 221

certificates 220

degrees of 248

digital signatures 222, 227

establishing 211

non-repudiation 228

and Semantic Web 221
tuples 25, 28

U

UDDI 194

models 195

repository 195
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) 11, 246
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 11
URI references 23–25, 28–29, 56, 67, 98

as abstract idenfiers 68

difficulty understanding 56

identifying other topics 68

as real addresses 68
URI. See Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
URL. See Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

V

validators 55
vCards

RDF format for 239
Vivisimo 121–122
vocabularies

integrated 84

shared 82
vocabulary. See ontologies

W

W3C See World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 14–15
Web 172, 182, 244, 248
Web of Trust 222, 241

and agents 233
Web Ontology Language (OWL) 15, 122, 145, 161, 254

classes 162

example 164, 166

Owl DL 161

OWL Full 161

OWL Lite 161

properties 162

and RDF 164

and RDFS 161

versioning 163
Web Services Description Language (WSDL). See WSDL
web services. See services
web sites

hijacking 123
WebScripter 39

markup 39

and RDF 39
Wiki 95–96
WordNet 112
World Wide Web 2

annotations 92, 94

contradictory statements 58

decentralization 12

design 10–13

foundation of the Semantic Web 10

incomplete information 58

incompleteness 13

inconsistency 13

model 13

openness 13

stateless transactions 12
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 10
worlds

closed 130

open 130

risks in open 131
WSDL 187

example 187

and HTTP 187

model 187

semantic content of 192

X

XML. See Extensible Markup Language (XML)
XML Topic Maps (XTM) 61, 72, 78
XML web services. See services
XPointer 99
XTM. See XML Topic Maps (XTM)
XUL widgets

widgets 37

See also Extensible User interface Language (XUL)

Y

Yahoo 109

DESCRIPTION

A complex set of extensions to the World Wide Web, the Semantic Web will make data and services more accessible to computers and useful to people. Some of these extensions are being deployed, and many are coming in the next years. This is the only book to explore the territory of the Semantic Web in a broad and conceptual manner.

This Guide acquaints you with the basic ideas and technologies of the Semantic Web, their roles and inter-relationships. The key areas covered include knowledge modeling (RDF, Topic Maps), ontology (OWL), agents (intelligent and otherwise), distributed trust and belief, "semantically-focused" search, and much more.

The book's basic, conceptual approach is accessible to readers with a wide range of backgrounds and interests. Important points are illustrated with diagrams and occasional markup fragments. As it explores the landscape it encounters an ever-surprising variety of novel ideas and unexpected links. The book is easy and fun to read - you may find it hard to put down.

The Semantic Web is coming. This is a guide to the basic concepts and technologies that will come with it.

Threads Explored

Scenarios of use
Semantic Web layering
A society of agents
Trust and belief
The life of annotations
Collective knowledge
The challenge of information:
- incomplete
- erroneous
- conflicting

WHAT THE EXPERTS SAY ABOUT THIS BOOK...

Outstanding Academic Title for 2005
"A thorough look at one vision of the Web's future �particularly well written...Highly recommended."
-- Choice Magazine

"I recommend this book to students, developers, and researchers who are curious about the Semantic
Web, or who are looking for an upper-level viewpoint..."
-- Computing Reviews

ABOUT THE AUTHOR...

Thomas Passin is Principal Systems Engineer with Mitretek Systems, a non-profit systems and information engineering company. He has been involved in data modeling and created several complex database-backed web sites and also became engaged in a range of conceptual modeling approaches and graphical modeling technologies. He was a key member of a team that developed several demonstration XML-based web service applications, and worked on creating XML versions of draft standards originally written in ASN.1.

He graduated with a B. S. in physics from the Massachussetts Institute of Technology, then studied graduate-level physics at the University of Chicago. He became involved with XML-related work in 1998, with Topic Maps in 1999 and developed the open-source TM4JScript Javascript topic map engine.

Mr. Passin is the coauthor of the book Signal Processing in C. He lives in Reston, Virginia.

Read the JavaRanch interview with Thomas Passin.

Inside the book

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Index

DESCRIPTION

Threads Explored

WHAT THE EXPERTS SAY ABOUT THIS BOOK...

ABOUT THE AUTHOR...